• 1.1 - understand the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature
  1.2

(i) know the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, including glycogen and starch (amylose and amylopectin)

(ii) be able to relate the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides to their roles in providing and storing energy B-glucose and cellulose are not required in this topic.

1.3

CORE PRACTICAL 1

Use a semi-quantitative method with Benedict's reagent to estimate the concentrations of reducing sugars and with iodine solution to estimate the concentrations of starch, using colour standards.

1.4

know how monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) join together to form disaccharides (maltose, sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (glycogen, amylose and amylopectin) through condensation reactions forming glycosidic bonds, and how these can be split through hydrolysis reactions

1.5

(i) know how a triglyceride is synthesised by the formation of ester bonds during condensation reactions between glycerol and three fatty acids

(il) know the differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids

1.6

understand why many animals have a heart and circulation (mass transport to overcome the limitations of diffusion in meeting the requirements of organisms)

1.7

understand how the structures of blood vessels (capillaries, arteries and veins) relate to their functions

1.8

know the cardiac cycle (atrial systole, ventricular systole and cardiac diastole) and relate the structure and operation of the mammalian heart, including the major blood vessels, to its function

Details of myogenic stimulation are not needed at IAS.